Ngā Paipa Hanganga Wāhanga-Kohao mō te Raina Parakaingaki
Whakauruhia
Kua hurihia te umanga hanga e te whakamahinga o ngā ngongo hanganga wāhanga tuwhera, e whakarato ana i te whānuitanga o ngā painga e pā ana ki te pono o te hanganga, te whānui o te whakamahinga, me te whai hua o te utu. He maha ngā āhua o roto o ēnei paipa, e whakarite ana i te kaha me te pumau o te hanganga, me te whakaiti i te taumaha me te whakarei ake i te ngāwari o te hoahoa. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā painga maha o ngā ngongo hanganga wāhanga tuwhera, me te whakaatu i tōna hiranga i roto i ngā kaupapa hanga hou.
Whakapai ake i te pono o te hanganga
Ngā paipa hanganga wāhanga-ruae mōhiotia ana mō tō rātou ōwehenga kaha-ki-taumaha tino pai. Ko tēnei āhuatanga i ahu mai i tōna āhua whakawhiti-wāhanga ahurei, e ātete ana ki ngā kaha pēhi me te piko. Mā te tohatoha ōrite i ngā kawenga, ka whakaitihia e ēnei paipa te mōrearea o te whakarerekētanga, te hinga rānei i roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua, ā, he pai mō ngā kaupapa hanganga nui pēnei i ngā piriti, ngā whare teitei me ngā wāhi hākinakina.
Mā te kaha o ngā paipa hanganga poraka ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa me ngā kaihoahoa te hanga i ngā hanganga he roa ake te whānui me te kaha ki te pikau kawenga, ka hua ake he hanganga e ātaahua ana ki te titiro, e pakari ana te hanganga, ā, e kaha ana ki te tu atu i te whakamātautau o te wā. Hei tāpiri, nā tōna pumau pai rawa atu he mea pai rawa atu i ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te rū whenua, e whakarite ana i te haumaru o ngā kainoho i ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te rū whenua.
Ngā Āhuatanga Hangarau o te Paipa SSAW
| kounga maitai | te kaha hua iti rawa | te kaha kume iti rawa | Te Whakaroa Iti rawa |
| B | 245 | 415 | 23 |
| X42 | 290 | 415 | 23 |
| X46 | 320 | 435 | 22 |
| X52 | 360 | 460 | 21 |
| X56 | 390 | 490 | 19 |
| X60 | 415 | 520 | 18 |
| X65 | 450 | 535 | 18 |
| X70 | 485 | 570 | 17 |
Te Hanganga Matū o ngā Paipa SSAW
| kounga maitai | C | Mn | P | S | V+Nb+Ti |
| % Mōrahi | % Mōrahi | % Mōrahi | % Mōrahi | % Mōrahi | |
| B | 0.26 | 1.2 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X42 | 0.26 | 1.3 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X46 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X52 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X56 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X60 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X65 | 0.26 | 1.45 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X70 | 0.26 | 1.65 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
Te Manawanui Āhuahanga o ngā Paipa SSAW
| Ngā tūponotanga āhuahanga | ||||||||||
| te whānui o waho | Te matotoru o te pakitara | te tika | porowhita kore | papatipu | Teitei mōrahi o ngā pīrere whakarewa | |||||
| D | T | |||||||||
| ≤1422mm | ＞1422mm | <15mm | ≥15mm | pito paipa 1.5m | roa katoa | tinana paipa | pito paipa | T≤13mm | T>13mm | |
| ±0.5% | e ai ki te whakaaetanga | ±10% | ±1.5mm | 3.2mm | 0.2% L | 0.020D | 0.015D | '+10% | 3.5mm | 4.8mm |
Whakamātautau Waipūmau
Te whānuitanga o te hoahoa
Ko tētahi o ngā painga matua o ngā paipa hanganga poraka ko te maha o ngā momo hoahoa. Mā te whānuitanga o ngā āhua e wātea ana, pērā i te tapawhā rite, te porowhita me te tapawhā, ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa me ngā miihini te waihanga i ngā hanganga ātaahua e hanumi pai ana ki te taiao. Mā te kaha ki te whakakotahi i ngā āhua me ngā rahi rerekē ka whakarei ake i te ngāwari o te hoahoa kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga rerekē o tētahi kaupapa.
He mea nui anō hoki ngā paipa hanganga wāhanga tuwhera i roto i ngā mahi hanga whare pumau. Nā te mea he māmā, ka whakaitihia te nui o ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana hei hanga i tētahi hanganga, ā, ka whakaitihia te pānga ki te taiao. Hei tāpiri, nā te mea he ngāwari te whakakotahi me te wetewete, ka taea ai te whakamahi anō me te whakaiti i te whakaputanga para i te wā hanga me te whakahoro.
Te whai huatanga o te utu
Haunga ngā painga hanganga me te hoahoa, he nui ngā painga utu-whai hua o ngā ngongo hanganga wāhanga tuwhera. Ka whakaitihia te hiahia mō ngā wāhanga tautoko, ka kore e hiahiatia te whakakaha nui rawa, ka hua ake he penapena utu whānui. Nā te māmā o te āhua ka whakaitihia hoki ngā utu kaipuke, ka waiho hei whiringa ōhanga mō ngā kaupapa he iti te tahua.
Ka taea hoki e ēnei paipa te penapena moni mō te wā roa nā te mea he roa te mau, he iti hoki ngā whakaritenga tiaki. Mā te ātete ki te waikura me ngā āhuatanga taiao ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu whakatika me te whakakapinga puta noa i te roanga o te hanganga. Hei tāpiri, he ngāwari te tāuta, ka whakaiti i ngā utu mahi, ka taea ai te whakaoti i te hanganga i te wā tika.
Hei whakamutunga
Kua tino hurihia te umanga hanga e ngā paipa hanganga wāhanga tuwhera, e whakarato ana i te kounga hanganga kua whakarei ake, te whānuitanga o te hoahoa me te whai huatanga utu. Mā te whakatutuki i te taurite tino pai i waenga i te kaha me te taumaha, ka whakaratohia e ēnei paipa he pumau tino pai, me te tuku i ngā kaihoahoa me ngā miihini ki te whakaatu i ō rātou auahatanga. Hei tāpiri, ko ō rātou āhuatanga pumau ka whai wāhi ki ngā mahi hanga whare e pai ana ki te taiao. I te whanaketanga tonu o te umanga hanga o te ao, ka noho tonu ngā paipa hanganga wāhanga tuwhera hei rawa nui ki te hanga i ngā hanganga pai ake me te pakari ka tu tonu i te whakamātautau o te wā.
