Ngā Paipa Hanganga Wāhanga-Kohao mō ngā Raina Hau Taiao o raro whenua

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I te hanganga o ngā paipa hau maori i raro i te whenua, he mea nui te whiriwhiri rauemi hei whakarite i te haumaru me te whai huatanga o te hanganga. Kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā ngongo hanganga wāhanga tuwhera, inā koa ngā ngongo pewa ruku porowhita, nā te mea he kaha ake, he roa, he ātete hoki ki te waikura. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou te hiranga o te tuwhera-ngā paipa hanganga wāhanga i roto i te hanganga o ngā paipa hau maori o raro whenua me ngā painga matua e tukuna ana e rātou.

Tukua mai he īmēra ki a mātou

Taipitopito Hua

Ngā Tohu Hua

Pewa hurihuri i raro i te waipaipase whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanganga o ngā raina hau maori i raro i te whenua nā te mea he ahurei te tukanga hanga. Ka hangaia ngā paipa mā te hanga i ngā koiri o te maitai wera-hurihuri kia rite ki te āhua porowhita, kātahi ka whakarewahia mā te whakamahi i te tukanga whakarewa pewa ruku. Mā tēnei ka puta he paipa pewa ruku porowhita kaha teitei, he rite te matotoru me te tino tika o ngā āhuatanga, he mea tino pai mō te kawe hau maori i raro i te whenua.

Ripanga 2 Ngā Āhuatanga Matua o te Tinana me te Matū o ngā Paipa Rino (GB/T3091-2008, GB/T9711-2011 me te API Spec 5L)
Paerewa	Te Kaupae Rino	Ngā Kaihanga Matū (%)						Āhuatanga Kume						Whakamātautau Pānga Charpy (V notch)
		c	Mn	p	s	Si	Ētahi atu	Kaha Tukunga（Mpa）		Kaha Kume (Mpa)		（L0=5.65 √ S0）Te Tere Totoro meneti （%）
		mōrahi	mōrahi	mōrahi	mōrahi	mōrahi	Ētahi atu	meneti	mōrahi	meneti	mōrahi	D ≤ 168.33mm	D ＞ 168.3mm
GB/T3091 -2008	Q215A	≤ 0.15	0.25 ＜ 1.20	0.045	0.050	0.35	Te tāpiri i te Nb\V\Ti i runga anō i te GB/T1591-94	215		335		15	> 31
	Q215B	≤ 0.15	0.25-0.55	0.045	0.045	0.035		215		335		15	> 31
	Q235A	≤ 0.22	0.30 ＜ 0.65	0.045	0.050	0.035		235		375		15	>26
	Q235B	≤ 0.20	0.30 ≤ 1.80	0.045	0.045	0.035		235		375		15	>26
	Q295A	0.16	0.80-1.50	0.045	0.045	0.55		295		390		13	>23
	Q295B	0.16	0.80-1.50	0.045	0.040	0.55		295		390		13	>23
	Q345A	0.20	1.00-1.60	0.045	0.045	0.55		345		510		13	>21
	Q345B	0.20	1.00-1.60	0.045	0.040	0.55		345		510		13	>21
GB/T9711-2011（PSL1）	L175	0.21	0.60	0.030	0.030		He kōwhiringa te tāpiri i tētahi o ngā huānga Nb\V\Ti, i tētahi huinga rānei o aua huānga	175		310		27		Ka taea te whiriwhiri i tētahi, i ētahi rānei o te taupū pakari o te kaha pānga me te horahanga kutikuti. Mō te L555, tirohia te paerewa.
	L210	0.22	0.90	0.030	0.030			210		335		25
	L245	0.26	1.20	0.030	0.030			245		415		21
	L290	0.26	1.30	0.030	0.030			290		415		21
	L320	0.26	1.40	0.030	0.030			320		435		20
	L360	0.26	1.40	0.030	0.030			360		460		19
	L390	0.26	1.40	0.030	0.030			390		390		18
	L415	0.26	1.40	0.030	0.030			415		520		17
	L450	0.26	1.45	0.030	0.030			450		535		17
	L485	0.26	1.65	0.030	0.030			485		570		16
API 5L （PSL 1）	A25	0.21	0.60	0.030	0.030		Mō te maitai taumata B, Nb+V ≤ 0.03%; mō te maitai ≥ taumata B, me tāpiri atu he Nb, he V rānei, he huinga rānei, ā, ko te Nb+V+Ti ≤ 0.15%	172		310		（L0=50.8mm）kia tatauhia kia rite ki te tātai e whai ake nei:e=1944·A0 .2/U0 .0 A:Horahanga o te tauira i roto i te mm2 U: Kaha kume iti rawa kua tohua i roto i te Mpa		Kāore e hiahiatia te kaha pānga me te horahanga kutikuti hei paearu pakari.
	A	0.22	0.90	0.030	0.030			207		331
	B	0.26	1.20	0.030	0.030			241		414
	X42	0.26	1.30	0.030	0.030			290		414
	X46	0.26	1.40	0.030	0.030			317		434
	X52	0.26	1.40	0.030	0.030			359		455
	X56	0.26	1.40	0.030	0.030			386		490
	X60	0.26	1.40	0.030	0.030			414		517
	X65	0.26	1.45	0.030	0.030			448		531
	X70	0.26	1.65	0.030	0.030			483		565

Ko tētahi o ngā painga matua o ngā paipa hanganga poraka ko tōna ātete pai ki te waikura. Ina tanumia ki raro i te whenua, ka pāngia ngā paipa hau māori e te makuku, ngā matū oneone me ētahi atu mea waikura. Ko ngā paipa pewa porowhita e rukuhia ana ki raro i te whenua he mea hanga motuhake kia tū atu ki ēnei āhuatanga kino o raro i te whenua, kia roa ai te ora me te pono o ngā paipa hau māori.

Haunga te ātete ki te waikura,ngā paipa hanganga wāhanga-pokaHe tino kaha, he tino pumau hoki, ā, he pai mō ngā whakaurunga whenua. Mā te hoahoa porowhita o ēnei paipa ka taea te kawe kawenga, ka taea ai e rātou te tu atu i te taumaha o te oneone me ētahi atu kaha o waho me te kore e whakararu i tō rātou hanganga. He mea nui tēnei i ngā wāhi he uaua te whenua, me te kaha o ngā paipa ki te tu atu i te nekehanga me te taunga o te whenua.

Hei tāpiritanga, e mōhiotia ana ngā paipa hanganga wāhanga tuwhera mō ō rātou whakamahinga maha me te whai huatanga o te utu. He whānuitia ngā rahi me ngā matotoru, ā, ka taea te whakarite kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga motuhake o ngā kaupapa paipa hau maori o raro whenua. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia te hiahia mō ngā taputapu tāpiri me te whakarewa, ka tere ake te tāutanga me te iti iho o ngā utu whānui. Nā te mama o ēnei paipa ka pai ake te kawe me te whakahaere, ka whai wāhi atu ki te penapena utu.

Ina tae mai ki te haumaru me te whai huatanga ongā raina hau maori o raro whenua, he mea nui te whiriwhiri rauemi. Ko ngā paipa hanganga wāhanga-rua, inā koa ko ngā paipa pewa i raro i te wai, ka whakakotahi i te kaha, te roa, te ātete ki te waikura me te whai hua o te utu, ā, he mea tino pai mō te tuku hau maori i raro i te whenua. Mā te haumi ki ngā paipa kounga teitei i hangaia mō ngā whakaurunga raro i te whenua, ka taea e ngā kamupene hau te whakarite i te pono me te roa o te ora o ā rātou hanganga me te whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki me te whakatika mō te wā roa.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, he mea nui te mahi a ngā paipa hanganga whakawhiti-wāhanga i roto i te hanganga o ngā raina hau maori i raro i te whenua. Nā tōna ātete ki te waikura, tōna kaha me tōna utu iti, koinei te whiringa tuatahi mō ngā kaupapa kawe hau maori. Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi tika mō ngā whakaurunga i raro i te whenua, ka taea e ngā kamupene hau maori te pupuri i te haumaru me te pono o ā rātou hanganga, ā, i te mutunga ka āwhina i te tuku hau maori ki ngā kaihoko.