Te Whakahou i te Tāutanga o ngā Ara Wai Whenua me te Hangarau Paipa Whakarewa Aunoa
Whakamōhio mai:
Paipa mō te raina wai o raro whenuaHe wero nui tonu te tāutanga mō ngā kaupapa hanga me ngā kaupapa hanganga. I ngā wā o mua, he mahi nui te wā, he mahi nui hoki e whakararu ana i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi me ngā wātaka o te kaupapa. Heoi, i te whanaketanga haere o te hangarau whakarewa paipa aunoa, kei te hurihia te umanga e te whakaurunga o ngā paipa whakarewa porowhita.
Te whakarewa paipa aunoa: te heke mai o te hanganga whai hua:
I ngā tau tata nei, ko te putanga mai owhakarewa paipa aunoaKua hurihia te umanga hanga e te hangarau hou. Ka whakakorea e tēnei hangarau hou te hiahia mō te whakapiri ā-ringa, ā, ka piki ake te pai o te mahi, ka whakapai ake i te kounga me te whakaiti i ngā utu. Mā te whakakotahi i te whakapiri paipa aunoa me te paipa whakapiri porowhita i hangaia mō ngā raina wai whenua, he maha ngā painga nui ka taea te whakatutuki.
Ngā Āhuatanga Hangarau o te Paipa SSAW
| kounga maitai | te kaha hua iti rawa | te kaha kume iti rawa | Te Whakaroa Iti rawa |
| B | 245 | 415 | 23 |
| X42 | 290 | 415 | 23 |
| X46 | 320 | 435 | 22 |
| X52 | 360 | 460 | 21 |
| X56 | 390 | 490 | 19 |
| X60 | 415 | 520 | 18 |
| X65 | 450 | 535 | 18 |
| X70 | 485 | 570 | 17 |
Te Hanganga Matū o ngā Paipa SSAW
| kounga maitai | C | Mn | P | S | V+Nb+Ti |
| % Mōrahi | % Mōrahi | % Mōrahi | % Mōrahi | % Mōrahi | |
| B | 0.26 | 1.2 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X42 | 0.26 | 1.3 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X46 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X52 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X56 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X60 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X65 | 0.26 | 1.45 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| X70 | 0.26 | 1.65 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
Te Manawanui Āhuahanga o ngā Paipa SSAW
| Ngā tūponotanga āhuahanga | ||||||||||
| te whānui o waho | Te matotoru o te pakitara | te tika | porowhita kore | papatipu | Teitei mōrahi o ngā pīrere whakarewa | |||||
| D | T | |||||||||
| ≤1422mm | ＞1422mm | <15mm | ≥15mm | pito paipa 1.5m | roa katoa | tinana paipa | pito paipa | T≤13mm | T>13mm | |
| ±0.5% | e ai ki te whakaaetanga | ±10% | ±1.5mm | 3.2mm | 0.2% L | 0.020D | 0.015D | '+10% | 3.5mm | 4.8mm |
Te mana o te ngongo porowhita kua whakapirihia:
Paipa whakarewa porowhitaHe hononga whakarewa porowhita tonu tēnei, ā, he otinga tino pai mō ngā whakaurunga raina wai o raro whenua. He maitai kounga teitei ēnei paipa, e whakarite ana i te roa me te ātete ki te waikura, arā, ngā āhuatanga matua e rua mō te roa o te ora ratonga. Nā tōna hoahoa ahurei ka whakaratohia he kaha teitei me te hanganga pai, e āhei ai rātou ki te tu atu i ngā pēhanga teitei o roto me waho.
Whakangāwaritia te tāutanga o te paipa wai whenua:
Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau whakarewa paipa aunoa me ngā paipa whakarewa porowhita ka māmā ake te tukanga katoa o te tāutanga o te raina wai whenua. Mai i te keri ki te hononga whakamutunga, ka whakaitihia e tēnei huarahi auaha ngā utu mahi, ka whakapoto i te wā kaupapa, ā, ka whakapiki ake i te hua whānui.
Whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te hua:
Mā ngā pūnaha whakarewa paipa aunoa ka whakakorea ngā hapa tangata, ā, ka whakarite kia tika, kia ōrite hoki ngā whakarewa puta noa i te roanga o te paipa. Mā tēnei tika me te kaha o te paipa whakarewa porowhita ka hua ake he pūnaha tino whai hua ka taea te whakahaere i te rere o te wai me te iti o ngā ngaronga waku. Mā tēnei mahi waipēhi kua whakapaitia ka piki ake te hua whānui o te pūnaha wai whenua.
Te roa me te roa o te ora kua whakarei ake:
Mā te maitai kounga teitei e whakamahia ana hei hanga paipa whakarewa porowhita ka mau tonu te pakari, ā, he mea tino pai mō ngā whakaurunga ki raro i te whenua. Nā tōna ātete pai ki te waikura, me ngā whakarewa porowhita tonu, ka whakakorea te mōrearea o ngā turuturu, ā, ka roa ake te ora o te pūnaha paipa wai. Nō reira, ka whakaitihia ngā utu tiaki, ā, ka tino whakaitihia te hiahia mō ngā whakatikatika auau.
Whakatairanga i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi:
Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau whakarewa paipa aunoa ka whakatairangahia te haumaru o ngā kaimahi mā te whakaiti i te hiahia mō te whakarewa ā-ringa me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki tēnā. Mā tēnei hangarau auaha ka kore ngā kaimahi e pāngia e ngā paoa whakarewa kino, ngā āhuatanga mahi kino me ngā aituā pea, ka hangaia he taiao haumaru ake.
Hei whakamutunga:
Ko te whakakotahitanga o te hangarau whakarewa paipa aunoa me te paipa whakarewa porowhita kei te huri i te tāutanga o ngā raina wai whenua. Kei te hanga hou tēnei huarahi auaha i te umanga hanga mā te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, te whakapakari i te roa, te whakanui ake i te hua me te whakatairanga i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi. I a mātou e whakamahi tonu ana i tēnei hangarau hou, ka taea e mātou te tumanako ka nui ake ngā pūnaha raina wai whenua pumau me te pono ka tutuki ai ngā hiahia ā muri ake nei.
